Imagine this: you're cruising down the road, enjoying the scenery, when suddenly you need to brake. You press the pedal, but instead of the expected resistance and slowing down, the pedal goes straight to the floor. Panic sets in. Your heart races. What do you do?
That sinking feeling, the immediate dread, the frantic calculations of how to avoid disaster – these are all too real for anyone who's experienced a brake failure. The uncertainty of what's causing the problem, the fear of a collision, and the potential for serious injury are all overwhelming. Being stranded on the side of the road with a car that won't stop is a situation nobody wants to face. The knowledge that you're putting yourself and others at risk is a heavy burden.
This guide aims to equip you with the knowledge and, hopefully, a bit of calm, to handle the terrifying situation of a brake pedal going to the floor while you're driving. We'll cover potential causes, emergency fixes, and steps you can take to minimize the risk and get yourself to safety. It's crucial to remember that these are emergency measures only; a professional mechanic should always inspect and repair your braking system as soon as possible.
In essence, we'll explore the common culprits behind a spongy or failing brake pedal, including brake fluid leaks, master cylinder issues, and worn brake components. We'll outline immediate actions you can take, like pumping the brakes, using the emergency brake, and downshifting to slow down. Finally, we'll stress the importance of regular brake maintenance to prevent such situations from arising in the first place. Keywords we will be discussing are brake failure, brake fluid, master cylinder, emergency brake, brake maintenance, and safe driving.
Understanding the Mechanics of Brake Failure
The goal here is to demystify what's happening when your brake pedal suddenly feels like it's connected to nothing. It's about understanding the basic components and how they work together so you can better diagnose the problem and take appropriate action.
I remember one time, I was driving an old pickup truck, a real beater, back in college. It had been making some funny noises for a while, but, you know, college student budget. Ignoring it seemed like the best option at the time. Then, one rainy evening, coming down a hill, the brake pedal went straight to the floor. Pure terror. Luckily, I had enough room to downshift and slowly bring the truck to a stop using the parking brake. Turns out, a brake line had rusted through and all the fluid had leaked out. I learned a valuable lesson that day about preventative maintenance, and the importance of listening to your vehicle. It was a very scary experience and I was thankful that I was able to avoid any accident or collision with another vehicle or worse, a pedestrian.
The braking system in your car is a hydraulic system. When you press the brake pedal, it pushes a piston inside the master cylinder. This piston pressurizes brake fluid, which then travels through brake lines to the calipers at each wheel. The calipers then squeeze the brake pads against the rotors (or drums), creating friction and slowing the vehicle.
A brake pedal that goes to the floor typically indicates a loss of pressure in this system. This can be due to a few common issues: Brake Fluid Leak: This is the most common cause. If there's a leak in a brake line, caliper, or master cylinder, the system loses fluid and pressure. You might notice a puddle of brake fluid under your car. Master Cylinder Failure: The master cylinder itself can fail, either internally or externally. Internal failure means the piston isn't creating adequate pressure. External failure usually results in a leak. Air in the Brake Lines: Air is compressible, unlike brake fluid. If air gets into the system, it can cause a spongy pedal feel and reduced braking power. Worn Brake Pads or Rotors: Severely worn brake pads or rotors can require the piston in the caliper to travel further, potentially reducing braking effectiveness. However, this usually presents as a gradual decline in braking performance, not a sudden loss. Rear Brake Adjustment (Drum Brakes):For cars with drum brakes in the rear, improper adjustment can lead to excessive pedal travel.
Understanding these basic mechanics allows you to make a more informed assessment of the situation and potentially identify the source of the problem, even if you can't fix it yourself on the spot.
Emergency Fixes: What to Do When the Pedal Fails
The focus here is on providing practical, actionable steps you can take in the immediate aftermath of brake failure to mitigate the danger and bring your vehicle to a stop safely. This isn't about repairing the problem permanently; it's about survival and minimizing damage.
So, your brake pedal just went to the floor. Take a deep breath (if you can). Panic won't help. Here's a breakdown of the immediate actions you need to take: Pump the Brakes: Rapidly pumping the brake pedal can sometimes build up enough pressure to engage the brakes, even with a leak. This is your first line of defense. Keep pumping! This can help generate enough hydraulic pressure to slow the vehicle down at least temporarily. Use the Emergency Brake (Parking Brake): The emergency brake (also called the parking brake) is a mechanical system, independent of the hydraulic brakes. Engage itslowly and gradually. Jerking the emergency brake on at high speed can cause the wheels to lock up and potentially lose control of the vehicle. Apply it incrementally, feeling for resistance and adjusting as needed. Downshift: If you're driving a manual transmission, downshifting to a lower gear can use engine braking to slow the vehicle. Even with an automatic transmission, you can often manually shift to a lower gear (check your owner's manual). This will significantly reduce your speed. Steer to Safety: Your primary goal is to avoid a collision. Look for an escape route: a wide shoulder, an open field, or even a gentle incline. Steer toward the safest possible option, even if it means leaving the roadway. Warn Other Drivers: Turn on your hazard lights to alert other drivers that you're experiencing a problem. Use your horn to signal your presence, especially in congested areas. Prepare for Impact: If a collision is unavoidable, brace yourself. Try to steer to minimize the impact angle and protect yourself as much as possible.
Once you've brought the vehicle to a stop, do NOT attempt to drive it further. Call for roadside assistance and have the vehicle towed to a qualified mechanic for repair. Your safety, and the safety of others, depends on it. Remember, even if pumping the brakes or using the emergency brake seems to work, it's a temporary measure at best. There's a serious problem that needs to be addressed by a professional.
The History and Mythology of Brake Systems
The aim here is to provide a broader context for the modern braking system, exploring its evolution and debunking common misconceptions. It's about appreciating the technology and understanding how it's become so integral to our daily lives.
The concept of slowing down a moving object has been around for as long as humans have been using wheels. Early braking systems were rudimentary, often consisting of simple levers that pressed against the wheels. As vehicles became faster and heavier, the need for more effective braking systems grew.
The development of hydraulic brakes was a major breakthrough. The idea of using fluid pressure to transmit force was first explored in the late 19th century, but it wasn't until the early 20th century that hydraulic brakes became practical for automobiles. Companies like Duesenberg pioneered hydraulic braking systems, offering superior stopping power compared to the mechanical brakes of the time.
Over the years, braking technology has continued to evolve. Disc brakes, anti-lock braking systems (ABS), and electronic stability control (ESC) have all contributed to making cars safer and more reliable. ABS, in particular, is a game-changer, preventing wheel lockup during hard braking and allowing the driver to maintain steering control.
One common myth is that all brake systems are created equal. In reality, there's a wide range of braking performance depending on the vehicle, the quality of the components, and the maintenance practices. Another misconception is that ABS will always prevent an accident. While ABS significantly reduces the risk of a collision, it's not a substitute for careful driving and maintaining a safe following distance.
Understanding the history and evolution of braking systems can give you a greater appreciation for the technology that keeps us safe on the road. It can also help you make more informed decisions about vehicle maintenance and driving habits.
Unveiling Hidden Secrets of Brake Fluid
The goal here is to delve into the often-overlooked aspects of brake fluid, highlighting its crucial role in the braking system and explaining why it requires regular attention and maintenance. It's about empowering readers to understand the importance of this vital fluid.
Brake fluid is the lifeblood of your braking system. It's the hydraulic medium that transmits the force from your foot on the brake pedal to the brake calipers at the wheels. But brake fluid isn't just any fluid; it has specific properties that make it suitable for this demanding task.
One of the most important properties of brake fluid is its incompressibility. Unlike air, brake fluid doesn't compress under pressure, allowing for immediate and efficient transfer of force. Another critical property is its high boiling point. As brakes are used, they generate heat, which can transfer to the brake fluid. If the fluid boils, it can create air bubbles in the system, leading to a spongy pedal feel and reduced braking power.
Brake fluid is also hygroscopic, meaning it absorbs moisture from the air. Over time, this moisture can lower the boiling point of the fluid, increasing the risk of brake fade (loss of braking power due to overheating). Moisture can also cause corrosion within the braking system, leading to leaks and component failure.
Many people don't realize that brake fluid needs to be replaced periodically. Most manufacturers recommend changing brake fluid every two to three years, or every 24,000 to 36,000 miles. Regular brake fluid flushes remove contaminated fluid and replace it with fresh fluid, helping to maintain optimal braking performance and prevent costly repairs.
Choosing the right type of brake fluid is also important. Different vehicles require different types of fluid, typically DOT 3, DOT 4, or DOT 5. Using the wrong type of fluid can damage the braking system. Always consult your owner's manual to determine the correct fluid for your vehicle.
By understanding the properties and maintenance requirements of brake fluid, you can ensure that your braking system is functioning properly and safely.
Recommendations for Preventing Brake Pedal Failure
The purpose here is to provide actionable steps drivers can take to minimize the risk of brake failure and maintain their braking systems in optimal condition. It's about promoting preventative maintenance and responsible vehicle ownership.
The best way to deal with a brake pedal that goes to the floor is to prevent it from happening in the first place. Regular maintenance and proactive inspections are key to keeping your braking system in top condition. Here are some recommendations: Regular Brake Inspections: Have your brakes inspected by a qualified mechanic at least once a year, or more frequently if you do a lot of driving in stop-and-go traffic or hilly terrain. The mechanic should check the condition of the brake pads, rotors, calipers, brake lines, and master cylinder. Brake Fluid Flushes: Follow the manufacturer's recommendations for brake fluid flushes. This will remove contaminated fluid and help prevent corrosion and brake fade. Check Brake Fluid Level: Regularly check the brake fluid level in the master cylinder reservoir. If the level is low, it could indicate a leak in the system. Add brake fluid as needed, but be sure to investigate the cause of the low level. Replace Worn Brake Pads and Rotors: Don't wait until your brake pads are completely worn down. Replace them when they reach the minimum thickness specified by the manufacturer. Replace rotors when they are warped, cracked, or below the minimum thickness. Listen for Unusual Noises: Pay attention to any unusual noises coming from your brakes, such as squealing, grinding, or clicking. These noises could indicate a problem that needs to be addressed. Properly Adjust Parking Brake: Ensure your parking brake is properly adjusted. A loose or ineffective parking brake can be a sign of underlying brake problems. Use Quality Brake Components: When replacing brake components, use high-quality parts that meet or exceed OEM specifications. Cheap brake parts may not perform as well and could fail prematurely. Avoid Overloading Your Vehicle: Overloading your vehicle puts extra strain on the braking system, which can lead to premature wear and failure.
By following these recommendations, you can significantly reduce the risk of brake failure and ensure that your braking system is always ready to perform when you need it most.
Understanding Brake Line Corrosion
This section is focused on brake line corrosion, a common cause of brake fluid leaks and brake failure. It explains the factors that contribute to corrosion, how to identify it, and what steps can be taken to prevent it.
Brake lines are the metal tubes that carry brake fluid from the master cylinder to the brake calipers at the wheels. These lines are exposed to the elements and are vulnerable to corrosion, especially in areas where salt is used on the roads during winter.
Corrosion can weaken the brake lines, eventually leading to leaks. A small leak may not be immediately noticeable, but over time it can cause a significant loss of brake fluid and a reduction in braking power. A sudden rupture of a brake line can result in a complete loss of brakes, as you've already experienced.
Several factors contribute to brake line corrosion: Salt: Salt is highly corrosive and can accelerate the breakdown of metal. Moisture: Moisture provides the electrolyte needed for corrosion to occur. Temperature: Temperature fluctuations can also contribute to corrosion. Age: Over time, brake lines become more susceptible to corrosion.
Here are some tips for inspecting your brake lines for corrosion: Visual Inspection: Look for rust, pitting, or flaking on the brake lines. Feel the Lines: Run your fingers along the brake lines to check for rough spots or thin areas. Check for Leaks:Inspect the brake lines for any signs of leaks, such as dampness or fluid stains.
If you find any signs of corrosion, it's important to have the brake lines replaced by a qualified mechanic as soon as possible. Prevention is key to avoiding brake line corrosion. Consider these tips: Undercoat Your Vehicle: Applying an undercoating to your vehicle can help protect the brake lines from salt and moisture. Wash Your Vehicle Regularly: Washing your vehicle regularly, especially during winter, can help remove salt and other corrosive materials. Apply Corrosion Inhibitors:There are various corrosion inhibitors available that can be applied to brake lines to help protect them from corrosion.
By understanding the causes of brake line corrosion and taking steps to prevent it, you can help ensure that your braking system remains safe and reliable.
Tips for Safe Driving with a Failing Brake System
The goal here is to provide practical advice on how to adapt your driving habits to minimize risk when you suspect or know that your braking system is compromised. It's about emphasizing defensive driving techniques and prioritizing safety.
Even if you've managed to perform some emergency repairs or are cautiously driving to a repair shop, a vehicle with a compromised braking system is inherently dangerous. Here are some tips to help you drive as safely as possible: Drive Slowly: Reduce your speed significantly. The slower you're going, the less distance you'll need to stop. Increase Following Distance: Leave a much larger following distance than you normally would. This gives you more time to react and stop if necessary. Anticipate Stops: Look far ahead and anticipate when you'll need to slow down or stop. This allows you to gradually reduce your speed instead of relying on the brakes. Use Engine Braking: Downshift to use engine braking to help slow the vehicle. Avoid Distractions: Eliminate any distractions, such as cell phones, music, or conversations. You need to be fully focused on driving. Choose a Route with Fewer Obstacles: If possible, choose a route with fewer cars, intersections, and other potential hazards. Be Prepared to Use the Emergency Brake: Keep your hand close to the emergency brake lever and be prepared to use it if necessary. Remember to apply it slowly and gradually. Signal Your Intentions Clearly: Use your turn signals well in advance to alert other drivers of your intentions. Pull Over if Necessary: If you feel uncomfortable or unsafe, pull over to the side of the road and call for help. Don't risk driving further if you're not confident in your ability to control the vehicle. Inform the Repair Shop: When you arrive at the repair shop, be sure to explain the braking problem in detail. This will help the mechanic diagnose the issue and make the necessary repairs.
Remember, driving with a failing brake system is extremely risky. If possible, it's always best to have the vehicle towed to a repair shop. But if you must drive it, follow these tips to minimize the risk of an accident.
Recognizing Early Warning Signs of Brake Problems
This section focuses on empowering drivers to identify subtle signs that indicate potential issues with their braking systems before they escalate into a major failure. It's about promoting proactive observation and preventative maintenance.
Your car often gives you subtle clues that something is amiss with your brakes long before the pedal goes to the floor. Paying attention to these early warning signs can help you catch problems early and prevent a dangerous situation. Here are some common indicators of brake problems: Squealing or Screeching Noises: A high-pitched squeal or screech when you apply the brakes is often a sign that your brake pads are worn down and need to be replaced. Grinding Noises: A grinding noise when you brake indicates that your brake pads are completely worn and the metal backing plate is rubbing against the rotor. This can damage the rotors and require more extensive repairs. Vibration or Pulsation: Vibration or pulsation in the brake pedal or steering wheel when you brake can be caused by warped rotors. Spongy Brake Pedal: A spongy or soft brake pedal can be a sign of air in the brake lines or a problem with the master cylinder. Pulling to One Side: If your car pulls to one side when you brake, it could indicate a problem with the brake calipers or brake lines. Brake Fluid Leaks: Check for any signs of brake fluid leaks under your car or around the wheels. Increased Stopping Distance: If you notice that it's taking longer to stop your car, it could be a sign of worn brake pads, rotors, or a problem with the braking system. Brake Light On: The brake light on your dashboard can indicate a variety of brake problems, such as low brake fluid level or a problem with the ABS system.
If you notice any of these warning signs, it's important to have your brakes inspected by a qualified mechanic as soon as possible. Don't ignore these warning signs, as they could indicate a serious problem that could lead to brake failure.
Fun Facts About Brake Systems
The goal is to provide entertaining and interesting trivia about brake systems, making the topic more engaging and memorable. It's about adding a touch of levity to a serious subject.
Brake systems might seem like a dry and technical topic, but there are actually some fascinating and fun facts about them: The First Car Brakes Were Made of Wood: Early automobiles used wooden blocks as brakes, which were pressed against the wheels to slow the vehicle down. Disc Brakes Were First Used in Airplanes: Disc brakes were first developed for use in airplanes in the 1930s, and they weren't widely adopted in automobiles until the 1950s. ABS Was Inspired by Airplane Technology: The anti-lock braking system (ABS) was inspired by technology used in airplanes to prevent wheel lockup during landing. Brake Dust is Harmful: Brake dust, the black residue that accumulates on your wheels, contains harmful particles that can be inhaled and cause respiratory problems. Some Cars Have Self-Cleaning Brakes: Some high-performance cars have self-cleaning brakes that use a small jet of air to blow away brake dust and debris. The World's Largest Brakes are on Mining Trucks: The world's largest brakes are used on massive mining trucks, and they can weigh several tons each. Brake Fade is a Real Phenomenon: Brake fade is a real phenomenon that occurs when the brakes overheat and lose their effectiveness. Some Cars Have Emergency Brake Assist: Some modern cars have emergency brake assist systems that can automatically apply the brakes if they detect an imminent collision. Brakes Can Generate a Lot of Heat: Brakes can generate a tremendous amount of heat, reaching temperatures of up to 1,500 degrees Fahrenheit during hard braking. Brake Systems are Constantly Evolving: Brake technology is constantly evolving, with new innovations such as regenerative braking and brake-by-wire systems being developed.
These fun facts highlight the fascinating history and technology behind brake systems and underscore the importance of maintaining them properly.
How to Bleed Your Brakes (Emergency Situation)
The goal here is to provide clear and concise instructions on how to bleed brakes, a temporary measure to improve braking performance in an emergency situation where air has entered the brake lines. It's about empowering readers with a potential roadside fix, while emphasizing the need for professional repair.
If you suspect that air has entered your brake lines (perhaps after a leak or a master cylinder issue), bleeding the brakes can sometimes temporarily improve braking performance. This is not a substitute for professional repair, but it can potentially get you to safety. Here's a simplified guide for an emergency situation:Important Safety Note: This procedure requires a helper. Never attempt to bleed brakes alone in an emergency situation.
What You'll Need
Brake Fluid (the correct type for your vehicle)
A Clear Plastic Hose
A Wrench that fits the Brake Bleeder Screws
A Glass Jar or Container
Gloves and Eye Protection
Steps
1.Identify the Bleeder Screws: Locate the bleeder screws on each brake caliper (or wheel cylinder for drum brakes). They're usually small screws with a rubber cap.
2.Add Brake Fluid: Ensure the master cylinder is filled with brake fluid. Check it frequently during the bleeding process to prevent it from running dry.
3.Connect the Hose: Attach one end of the plastic hose to the bleeder screw. Place the other end of the hose into the glass jar containing a small amount of brake fluid. This prevents air from being drawn back into the system.
4.Have Your Helper Press the Brake Pedal: Have your helper slowly press the brake pedal all the way down and hold it.
5.Open the Bleeder Screw: While your helper is holding the brake pedal down, open the bleeder screw about a quarter turn with the wrench. You should see brake fluid and possibly air bubbles flowing into the jar.
6.Close the Bleeder Screw: Before your helper releases the brake pedal, close the bleeder screw.
7.Repeat: Repeat steps 4-6 several times until no more air bubbles are visible in the fluid flowing into the jar.
8.Move to the Next Wheel: Repeat the process at each wheel, starting with the wheel furthest from the master cylinder (usually the right rear, then left rear, then right front, then left front).
9.Check the Brake Pedal: After bleeding all the brakes, check the brake pedal feel. It should be firmer than before.
10.Refill the Master Cylinder: Top off the master cylinder with brake fluid.
Important Considerations
This is a Temporary Fix: Bleeding the brakes in an emergency situation is only a temporary fix. It's essential to have the braking system inspected and repaired by a qualified mechanic as soon as possible. Don't Let the Master Cylinder Run Dry: Running the master cylinder dry can introduce more air into the system, making the bleeding process more difficult. Dispose of Used Brake Fluid Properly:Brake fluid is toxic and should be disposed of properly.
While this procedure might help in a pinch, remember that a failing brake system requires professional attention. Your safety depends on it.
What If Pumping the Brakes Doesn't Work?
The goal here is to provide guidance and alternative strategies when the initial emergency measure of pumping the brakes proves ineffective. It's about preparing drivers for a worst-case scenario and offering backup plans.
Pumping the brakes is often the first instinct when the pedal goes to the floor, and it can sometimes build up enough pressure to regain some braking ability. But what if it doesn't work? What if you're pumping frantically and the pedal remains unresponsive?
Here's what to do if pumping the brakes doesn't work:
1.Emergency Brake (Parking Brake): Immediately shift your focus to the emergency brake. As mentioned before, engage it slowly and gradually to avoid locking up the wheels.
2.Downshift: If you haven't already, downshift to the lowest possible gear. This will maximize engine braking and help slow the vehicle.
3.Steer to Safety: Look for an escape route. This could be a wide shoulder, an open field, or a gentle incline. The goal is to steer the vehicle to a safe location where you can bring it to a stop without colliding with anything.
4.Consider "Friction Braking": In extreme circumstances, if you have no other options, you might consider carefully and intentionally using "friction braking." This involves lightly rubbing the side of your car against a guardrail or other stationary object to help slow it down.This is a last resort and should only be used if a collision is imminent and unavoidable.The potential for damage to your vehicle is high, but it could prevent a more serious accident.
5.Alert Other Drivers: Use your horn and hazard lights to warn other drivers that you're experiencing a problem.
6.Brace for Impact: If a collision is unavoidable, brace yourself. Try to steer to minimize the impact angle and protect yourself as much as possible.
It's important to remember that these are emergency measures and should only be used when all other options have been exhausted. The best way to avoid this situation is to maintain your braking system properly and address any problems early on.
If you ever find yourself in a situation where your brakes fail and pumping them doesn't work, stay calm, think quickly, and use all available resources to bring your vehicle to a safe stop.
Listicles of Brake Failure Causes and Emergency Fixes
The goal is to provide a concise and easily digestible summary of the key information covered in the article, using a list format for clarity and retention. It's about reinforcing the main takeaways.
Let's break down the essential information into easy-to-remember lists:Top 5 Causes of Brake Pedal Going to the Floor:
- Brake Fluid Leak (in brake lines, calipers, or master cylinder)
- Master Cylinder Failure (internal or external)
- Air in the Brake Lines
- Severely Worn Brake Pads or Rotors
- Rear Brake Adjustment Issues (drum brakes)
5 Emergency Fixes When the Brake Pedal Fails
- Pump the Brakes Rapidly
- Engage the Emergency Brake (Slowly and Gradually)
- Downshift to Use Engine Braking
- Steer to Safety (Find an Escape Route)
- Warn Other Drivers (Hazard Lights and Horn)
5 Proactive Steps to Prevent Brake Failure
- Regular Brake Inspections
- Brake Fluid Flushes (According to Manufacturer Recommendations)
- Check Brake Fluid Level Regularly
- Replace Worn Brake Pads and Rotors Promptly
- Listen for Unusual Brake Noises
By keeping these lists in mind, you'll be better prepared to handle a brake failure situation and take steps to prevent it from happening in the first place. Remember, your safety depends on it!
Question and Answer about Brake Pedal to Floor When Running
Question 1: What are the first things I should check if my brake pedal goes to the floor?
Answer: The first thing you should check is the brake fluid reservoir. If it's empty or very low, it indicates a leak in the system. Also, look for any visible leaks around the brake lines, calipers, and master cylinder.
Question 2: Can worn brake pads cause the brake pedal to go to the floor?
Answer: Severely worn brake pads can contribute to a spongy brake pedal, but they are less likely to cause the pedal to go completely to the floor. Usually, extremely worn brake pads will be characterized by a squealing or grinding noise, in addition to increased stopping distances and a soft, spongy feel to the brake pedal.
Question 3: Is it safe to drive a car with a spongy brake pedal?
Answer: It's generally not safe to drive a car with a spongy brake pedal. A spongy pedal indicates a problem with the braking system, such as air in the lines or a failing master cylinder, which can reduce braking effectiveness. Have the vehicle inspected and repaired by a qualified mechanic before driving it.
Question 4: How often should I have my brakes inspected?
Answer: You should have your brakes inspected at least once a year, or more frequently if you do a lot of driving in stop-and-go traffic or hilly terrain. Regular brake inspections can help identify potential problems early on and prevent brake failure.
Conclusion of Brake Pedal to Floor When Running
Experiencing a brake pedal that suddenly sinks to the floor is a terrifying ordeal. While this guide has provided information on emergency fixes and preventative measures, it's crucial to remember that these are not substitutes for professional diagnosis and repair. Understanding the potential causes, knowing how to react in an emergency, and prioritizing regular maintenance are all essential for ensuring your safety and the safety of others on the road. Brakes are, without a doubt, the most important safety feature in a vehicle, and thus are critical to maintain. Don't ignore warning signs, and always seek expert help when in doubt. Safe driving starts with well-maintained brakes.